Blockchain-Enabled Vaccination Registration and Verification System in Healthcare Management
Abstract
Client-server-based healthcare systems are unable to manipulate a high data volume, prone to a single failure point, limited scalability, and data integrity. Particularly, several measures introduced to help curb the spread of Covid-19 were not effective and patient records were not adequately managed and maintained. Most vaccination-proof certificates were forged by unauthorized parties and no standard verification medium exists. Therefore, this paper proposes a blockchain-enabled vaccination management system (VMS). VMS utilizes smart contracts to store encrypted patients record, generate vaccination certificates, and verify the legitimacy of the certificate using a QR code. VMS prototype is implemented using Ethereum, a public blockchain and simulations performed based on Apache JMeter and Hyperledger Caliper to assess its performance in terms of throughput, latency and response time, and the average time per transaction. Results show VMS achieved an average: response time of 132.24 ms, the throughput of 379.89 tps, latency of 204.60 ms, and time of transactions is 10s-12s for 1000 transactions. Also, its comparison with the centralized database shows the traditional database’s effectiveness in transaction processing but lacks data privacy and security strengths. We, therefore, recommend the use of blockchain in the healthcare system and other related sectors such as elections, and student records management to ensure data privacy and security and rid the system of a single point of failure.
Downloads
References
R. Zhang, R. Xue, and L. Liu, “Security and Privacy for Healthcare Blockchains,” IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput., pp. 1–18, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TSC.2021.3085913.
S. Devi et al., “Utilizing Blockchain to Enhance the Privacy and Block Validity in Healthcare Systems,” CITISIA 2021 - IEEE Conf. Innov. Technol. Intell. Syst. Ind. Appl. Proc., 2021, doi: 10.1109/CITISIA53721.2021.9719915.
W. Yang, E. Aghasian, S. Garg, D. Herbert, L. Disiuta, and B. Kang, “A Survey on Blockchain-Based Internet Service Architecture: Requirements, Challenges, Trends, and Future,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 75845–75872, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2917562.
T. K. Mackey et al., “‘Fit-for-purpose?’ - Challenges and opportunities for applications of blockchain technology in the future of healthcare,” BMC Med., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2019, doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1296-7.
K. Azbeg, O. Ouchetto, S. J. Andaloussi, and L. Fetjah, “A Taxonomic Review of the Use of IoT and Blockchain in Healthcare Applications,” Irbm, vol. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.irbm.2021.05.003.
M. Sookhak, M. R. Jabbarpour, N. S. Safa, and F. R. Yu, “Blockchain and smart contract for access control in healthcare: A survey, issues and challenges, and open issues,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 178, no. July 2020, p. 102950, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102950.
A. I. Sanka et al., “Blockchain-Empowered Multi-Robot Collaboration to Fight COVID-19 and Future Pandemics,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 10474–10498, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051051.
A. Kalla, T. Hewa, R. A. Mishra, M. Ylianttila, and M. Liyanage, “The Role of Blockchain to Fight against COVID-19,” IEEE Eng. Manag. Rev., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 85–96, 2020, doi: 10.1109/EMR.2020.3014052.
E. Of, “Sustainable D Evelopment of C Ritical,” Textb. Influ., vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 0–63, 2014, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118636817
W. Y. Ng et al., “Review Blockchain applications in health care for COVID-19 and beyond : a systematic review,” Lancet Digit. Heal., vol. 3, no. 12, pp. e819–e829, 2021, doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00210-7.
T. Singhal, “A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19),” Indian J. Pediatr., vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 281–286, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6.
M. Filali Rotbi1, S. Motahhir2, and A. El Ghzizal1, “Blockchain technology for a Safe and Transparent Covid-19 Vaccination.”
A. L. Phelan, “COVID-19 immunity passports and vaccination certificates: scientific, equitable, and legal challenges,” Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10237, pp. 1595–1598, 2020, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31034-5.
L. Ricci, D. Di Francesco Maesa, A. Favenza, and E. Ferro, “Blockchains for covid-19 contact tracing and vaccine support: A systematic review,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 37936–37950, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3063152.
C. M. Angelopoulos, A. Damianou, and V. Katos, “DHP Framework: Digital Health Passports Using Blockchain -- Use case on international tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic,” 2020, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08922.x.
H. John Leon Singh, D. Couch, and K. Yap, “Mobile Health Apps That Help With COVID-19 Management: Scoping Review,” JMIR Nurs., vol. 3, no. 1, p. e20596, 2020, doi: 10.2196/20596.
D. Marbouh et al., “Blockchain for COVID-19: Review, Opportunities, and a Trusted Tracking System,” Arab. J. Sci. Eng., vol. 45, pp. 9895–9911, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s13369-020-04950-4.
K. K. F. Tsoi, J. J. Y. Sung, H. W. Y. Lee, K. K. L. Yiu, H. Fung, and S. Y. S. Wong, “The way forward after COVID-19 vaccination: Vaccine passports with blockchain to protect personal privacy,” BMJ Innov., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 337–341, 2021, doi: 10.1136/bmjinnov-2021-000661.
Q. Liu, Y. Liu, M. Luo, D. He, H. Wang, and K. K. R. Choo, “The Security of Blockchain-Based Medical Systems: Research Challenges and Opportunities,” IEEE Syst. J., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 5741–5752, 2022, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2022.3155156.
T. McGhin, K. K. R. Choo, C. Z. Liu, and D. He, “Blockchain in healthcare applications: Research challenges and opportunities,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 135, no. September 2018, pp. 62–75, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2019.02.027.
S. Saha, A. Majumder, T. Bhowmik, A. Basu, and A. Choudhury, “A Healthcare Data Management System on Blockchain Framework,” 2021 Int. Conf. Smart Gener. Comput. Commun. Networking, SMART GENCON 2021, pp. 1–5, 2021.
R. Kumar, N. Marchang, and R. Tripathi, “Distributed Off-Chain Storage of Patient Diagnostic Reports in Healthcare System Using IPFS and Blockchain,” 2020 Int. Conf. Commun. Syst. Networks, COMSNETS 2020, pp. 1–5, 2020, doi: 10.1109/COMSNETS48256.2020.9027313.
M. S. Ferdous, M. J. M. Chowdhury, and M. A. Hoque, “A survey of consensus algorithms in public blockchain systems for crypto-currencies,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 182, no. February, p. 103035, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2021.103035.
A. I. Sanka, M. Irfan, I. Huang, and R. C. C. Cheung, “A survey of breakthrough in blockchain technology: Adoptions, applications, challenges and future research,” Comput. Commun., vol. 169, no. December 2020, pp. 179–201, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2020.12.028.
Y. Himeur et al., “Blockchain-based recommender systems: Applications, challenges and future opportunities,” Comput. Sci. Rev., vol. 43, p. 100439, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cosrev.2021.100439.
G. Rathee, A. Sharma, H. Saini, R. Kumar, and R. Iqbal, “A hybrid framework for multimedia data processing in IoT-healthcare using blockchain technology,” Multimed. Tools Appl., vol. 79, no. 15–16, pp. 9711–9733, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11042-019-07835-3.
P. Ratta, A. Kaur, S. Sharma, M. Shabaz, and G. Dhiman, “Application of Blockchain and Internet of Things in Healthcare and Medical Sector: Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives,” J. Food Qual., vol. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/7608296.
E. M. Adere, “Blockchain in healthcare and IoT: A systematic literature review,” Array, vol. 14, no. January, p. 100139, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.array.2022.100139.
M. Massaro, “Digital transformation in the healthcare sector through blockchain technology. Insights from academic research and business developments,” Technovation, vol. 120, no. May 2021, p. 102386, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102386.
T. Frikha, A. Chaari, F. Chaabane, O. Cheikhrouhou, and A. Zaguia, “Healthcare and Fitness Data Management Using the IoT-Based Blockchain Platform,” J. Healthc. Eng., vol. 2021, no. ii, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/9978863.
S. Saxena, B. Bhushan, and M. A. Ahad, “Blockchain based solutions to secure IoT: Background, integration trends and a way forward,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 181, no. December 2020, p. 103050, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2021.103050.
P. Drakatos, “Blockchain Data Management for IoT Applications,” in Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management, 2022, vol. 2022-June, pp. 337–339, doi: 10.1109/MDM55031.2022.00076.
P. Varma Kakarlapudi, Q. H. Mahmoud. “A Systematic Review of Blockchain for Consent Management,” 2021, doi: 10.3390/healthcare.
T. Rathee and P. Singh, “A systematic literature mapping on secure identity management using blockchain technology,” J. King Saud Univ. - Comput. Inf. Sci., no. xxxx, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.03.005.
P. Dutta, T. M. Choi, S. Somani, and R. Butala, “Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: Applications, challenges and research opportunities,” Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev., vol. 142, no. August, p. 102067, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2020.102067.
Z. Zheng et al., “An overview on smart contracts: Challenges, advances and platforms,” Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 105, pp. 475–491, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2019.12.019.
B. Hu et al., “A comprehensive survey on smart contract construction and execution: paradigms, tools, and systems,” Patterns, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 100179, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100179.
P. Harris, “Blockchain for COVID-19 Patient Health Record,” Proc. - 5th Int. Conf. Comput. Methodol. Commun. ICCMC 2021, no. Iccmc, pp. 534–538, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ICCMC51019.2021.9418443.
M. N. Thippeswamy, B. M. Sai Kiran, P. R. Tanksali, M. Hegde, and P. R. Naik, “Blockchain based medical reports monitoring system,” Proc. 4th Int. Conf. IoT Soc. Mobile, Anal. Cloud, ISMAC 2020, pp. 222–227, 2020, doi: 10.1109/I-SMAC49090.2020.9243573.
O. Ajayi, M. Abouali, and T. Saadawi, “Secured Inter-Healthcare Patient Health Records Exchange Architecture,” Proc. - 2020 IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain, Blockchain 2020, pp. 456–461, 2020, doi: 10.1109/Blockchain50366.2020.00066.
G. Tripathi, M. A. Ahad, and S. Paiva, “S2HS- A blockchain based approach for smart healthcare system,” Healthcare, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 100391, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2019.100391.
R. Abbas and Z. Sultan, “Comparative Analysis of Automated Load Testing Tools : Apache JMeter, Microsoft Visual Studio (TFS), Load Runner, Siege,” pp. 39–44, 2017.
Halili and H. Emily “Apache JMeter,” Birmingham: Packt Publishing, 2008.
P. Charles, “A blockchain benchmark framework to measure performance of multiple blockchain solutions”, [Online] https://github.com/hyperledger/caliper (accessed Jul. 18, 2022).
W. Choi and J. W. K. Hong, “Performance Evaluation of Ethereum Private and Testnet Networks Using Hyperledger Caliper,” 2021 22nd Asia-Pacific Netw. Oper. Manag. Symp. APNOMS 2021, pp. 325–329, 2021, doi: 10.23919/APNOMS52696.2021.9562684.
T. McGhin, K. K. R. Choo, C. Z. Liu, and D. He, “Blockchain in healthcare applications: Research challenges and opportunities,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 135, no. January, pp. 62–75, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2019.02.027.
S. S. Nabil, M. S. A. Pran, A. A. Al Haque, N. R. Chakraborty, M. J. M. Chowdhury, and M. S. Ferdous, “Blockchain-based Covid Vaccination Registration and Monitoring,” 2021.
M. Abubakar, P. McCarron, Z. Jaroucheh, A. Al Dubai, and B. Buchanan, “Blockchain-based Platform for Secure Sharing and Validation of Vaccination Certificates,” Proc. - 2021 14th Int. Conf. Secur. Inf. Networks, SIN 2021, 2021, doi: 10.1109/SIN54109.2021.9699221.
H. R. Hasan et al., “Blockchain-Based Solution for COVID-19 Digital Medical Passports and Immunity Certificates,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, no. December, pp. 222093–222108, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3043350.
B. S. Egala, A. K. Pradhan, V. Badarla, and S. P. Mohanty, “Fortified-Chain: A Blockchain-Based Framework for Security and Privacy-Assured Internet of Medical Things with Effective Access Control,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 8, no. 14, pp. 11717–11731, 2021, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3058946.
A. Chowdhary, S. Agrawal, and B. Rudra, “Educational Certificate Verification,” pp. 916–921, 2021.
K. S. Malik, D. Rani, C. Science, P. C. L. S. Govt, and C. Karnal, “IoT System with Blockchain for Data Security and Protection : A Review,” Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol., pp. 1572–1580, 2021.
W. M. A. Al-Rubaye and S. Kurnaz, “Blockchain and Smart Contracts to Improve Dental Healthcare for Children in Primary School,” 2021 Int. Conf. Adv. Comput. Appl. ACA 2021, pp. 62–67, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACA52198.2021.9626789.
M. H. Chinaei, H. Habibi Gharakheili, and V. Sivaraman, “Optimal Witnessing of Healthcare IoT Data Using Blockchain Logging Contract,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 10117–10130, 2021, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3051433.
Abstract views: 1003 times
Download PDF: 567 times
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Information Systems and Informatics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- I certify that I have read, understand and agreed to the Journal of Information Systems and Informatics (Journal-ISI) submission guidelines, policies and submission declaration. Submission already using the provided template.
- I certify that all authors have approved the publication of this and there is no conflict of interest.
- I confirm that the manuscript is the authors' original work and the manuscript has not received prior publication and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere and has not been previously published.
- I confirm that all authors listed on the title page have contributed significantly to the work, have read the manuscript, attest to the validity and legitimacy of the data and its interpretation, and agree to its submission.
- I confirm that the paper now submitted is not copied or plagiarized version of some other published work.
- I declare that I shall not submit the paper for publication in any other Journal or Magazine till the decision is made by journal editors.
- If the paper is finally accepted by the journal for publication, I confirm that I will either publish the paper immediately or withdraw it according to withdrawal policies
- I Agree that the paper published by this journal, I transfer copyright or assign exclusive rights to the publisher (including commercial rights)
_1.png){kind=logo}
