A A Comprehensive Review of Energy Optimization Techniques in the Internet of Things
Abstract
The advancement of energy efficiency in the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an important research effort, given their rapid application expansion across smart cities and homes, healthcare, agriculture, and industrial automation. This paper conducted a comprehensive survey of existing innovative solutions to challenges focusing on hardware-based, software-driven, and network optimization approaches, alongside artificial intelligence-driven and demand-side energy management, and security-enhanced frameworks. 82 peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers published between 2021 and 2025 were reviewed, using sources such as IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. It identifies significant developments in energy-efficient techniques, including ultra-low-power hardware, adaptive scheduling, bio-inspired clustering, and energy harvesting. Others include intelligent optimization methods(e.g. machine, quantum-inspired heuristics), and blockchain-enhanced security. A structured evaluation process is implemented, following PRISMA guidelines, categorizing studies, and synthesizing findings to highlight technological progress, challenges, and future research directions. The findings show a growing trend towards integrated, multi-objective routing and cross-layer energy optimizations, with significant progress in minimizing energy use, network lifetime and improving security mechanisms. However, challenges like scalability, computational overhead and real-world deployment issues persist. Our study offers valuable insights for sustainable energy management in IoT and WSNs and helps guide future development toward more resilient, adaptable and sustainable energy-aware systems.
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