AI and Blockchain Adoption in E-Government 3.0: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework

Authors

  • Nabil Abdallh Abbas Almotawkel 21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences, Yemen
  • Abdulrahman Mohammed Hussein Obaid 21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences, Yemen
  • Hamza Ali Abdul Rahman Qasem 21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences, Yemen
  • Gameil Saad Hamzh Ali 21 September University for Medical and Applied Sciences, Yemen
Pages Icon

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63158/journalisi.v8i3.1591

Keywords:

systematic literature review, e-government 3.0, artificial intelligence, blockchain, digital governance, developing countries, institutional capacity

Abstract

This study presents a systematic review of the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain technologies in E-Government 3.0 within developing countries, based on 99 reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025. Using the PRISMA 2020 protocol, the review synthesizes existing literature to identify key barriers, opportunities, and emerging governance patterns. The findings suggest that while AI appears to enhance decision-making capabilities, and blockchain is associated with enhanced transparency and data integrity, their successful adoption appears to be constrained by institutional capacity, regulatory frameworks, organizational readiness, and digital trust. The results further indicate that technological factors alone are insufficient without alignment with governance structures and policy environments. Based on the synthesis, this study proposes the SIF-G3.0 conceptual framework, which integrates technological, institutional, regulatory, and trust dimensions as a conceptual model for understanding digital government transformation. The proposed SIF-G3.0 framework remains conceptual and has not yet been empirically validated. The evidence base included heterogeneous sources, including empirical, conceptual, bibliometric, and systematic review studies. The study also highlights critical research gaps and provides directions for future research in hybrid intelligent governance systems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] C. van Noordt and G. Misuraca, “Artificial intelligence for the public sector: results of landscaping the use of AI in government across the European Union,” Gov. Inf. Q., vol. 39, no. 3, p. 101714, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.GIQ.2022.101714.

[2] C. L.-D. A. Intelligence and undefined 2024, “Decision-making power and responsibility in an automated administration,” SpringerC LangerDiscover Artificial Intelligence, 2024•Springer, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 59, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1007/S44163-024-00152-1.

[3] O. Akzholbek, “Integration of information systems in government: methods and approaches for enhanced efficiency and transparency,” Актуальные исследования, no. 8 (11), 2020, doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.14206636.

[4] M. A. Wimmer, G. V. Pereira, A. Ronzhyn, and V. Spitzer, “Transforming government by leveraging disruptive technologies: Identification of research and training needs,” eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 87–114, 2020, doi: 10.29379/jedem.v12i1.594.

[5] N. Ait Bella and M. Sabri, “From Efficiency to Inclusivity: Evaluating Morocco’s Government Digital Platforms in the Context of the B-Ready Report,” International Journal of Research in Economics and Finance, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 54–74, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.71420/ijref.v2i5.111.

[6] M. El Khatib, A. Almansoori, and S. Alsuwidi, “The importance of Trust in Digital Transformation and SMART Government Initiatives,” International Journal of Business Analytics and Security, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 2024, doi: 10.54489/ijbas.v4i2.350.

[7] Z. Mao and Y. Zhu, “Does e-government integration contribute to the quality and equality of local public services? Empirical evidence from China,” Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun., vol. 12, no. 1, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1057/s41599-025-04539-y.

[8] Datu Ansaruddin K. Kiram, Mharcelyn M. Kiram, Jul-Asri A. Hadjibun, and Merhana Taraji, “Data Governance and Privacy in Sulu, Philippines: Building Trust and Ensuring Accountability in Digital Public Service Delivery,” Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1952–1966, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.37275/oaijss.v8i1.283.

[9] I. Mergel, S. Ganapati, and A. B. Whitford, “Agile: A New Way of Governing,” Public Adm. Rev., vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 161–165, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1111/PUAR.13202;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.

[10] A. Petraj, “Digitalization of Cadastral Services in Albania within the Framework of EU Integration: A Legal–Comparative Analysis,” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 322, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.56345/ijrdv12n335.

[11] L. Komna and S. Mpungose, “Investigating the impact of digital transformation in the public sector: A case study of the State Information Technology Agency (SITA), South Africa,” International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy (2687-2293), vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 218–234, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.36096/ijbes.v6i4.610.

[12] A. Denis et al., “A Survey on Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Applications in Cybersecurity for Smart Cities,” SHIFRA, vol. 2025, pp. 1–45, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.70470/shifra/2025/001.

[13] C. Yang, M. Gu, and K. Albitar, “Government in the digital age: Exploring the impact of digital transformation on governmental efficiency,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 208, p. 123722, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2024.123722.

[14] M. S. Munir, I. Saud, D. N. Mubeen, N. Anjum, and G. Ahmad, “TRANSFORMING GOVERNMENT SERVICE DELIVERY THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,” Spectrum of Engineering Sciences, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1313–1327, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18193920.

[15] M. Ramezani, A. Takian, A. Bakhtiari, H. R. Rabiee, S. Ghazanfari, and S. Sazgarnejad, “Research agenda for using artificial intelligence in health governance: interpretive scoping review and framework,” Dec. 01, 2023, BioMed Central Ltd. doi: 10.1186/s13040-023-00346-w.

[16] O. F. Challoob and O. F. Challoob, “Blockchain for Enhancing Trust in E-Government Services,” 2025.

[17] S. A. Matlin et al., “Digital solutions for migrant and refugee health: a framework for analysis and action,” Mar. 01, 2025, Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101190.

[18] P. Mishra and R. Ganesan, “Securing E-governance: a blockchain-based framework for tamper-proof PDF document exchange,” Frontiers in Blockchain, vol. 8, 2025, doi: 10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773.

[19] E. AL SHEIKH SALEH, M. F. B. A. Kadir, and Y. A. El-Ebiary, “Review of Frameworks for Evaluating the Security Performance of E-Government Systems,” Journal of Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 18–23, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.48185/jaai.v6i1.1437.

[20] M. Pathak, K. N. Mishra, and S. P. Singh, “Securing data and preserving privacy in cloud IoT-based technologies an analysis of assessing threats and developing effective safeguard,” Artif. Intell. Rev., vol. 57, no. 10, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10462-024-10908-x.

[21] G. Lax, R. Nardone, and A. Russo, “Enabling secure health information sharing among healthcare organizations by public blockchain,” Multimed. Tools Appl., vol. 83, no. 24, pp. 64795–64811, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11042-024-18181-4.

[22] D. Ferraris, C. Fernandez-Gago, R. Roman, and J. Lopez, “A survey on IoT trust model frameworks,” The Journal of Supercomputing 2023 80:6, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 8259–8296, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1007/S11227-023-05765-4.

[23] B. Basir and M. Abbas, “SMART CITY BASED ON COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION: A SYNERGY OF TECHNOLOGY, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIOLOGY,” MSJ : Majority Science Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 167–175, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.61942/msj.v3i3.422.

[24] H. Afshari, M. Zolghadr, and A. Partovi, “Public Policy in Tehran Toward E-Government Development and Smart City Implementation,” 2024.

[25] A. J Nair, S. Manohar, and S. Rao A B, “Self sovereign identity in e-governance: blockchain solutions for fintech compliance and citizen-centric financial services,” Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun., vol. 12, no. 1, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1057/s41599-025-05880-y.

[26] K. Veeramani and S. Jaganathan, “Land registration: Use-case of e-Governance using blockchain technology,” KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 3693–3711, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.3837/tiis.2020.09.007.

[27] P. Quoc Duy and N. Thi Lan Anh, “Enhancing Public Sector Capabilities for Digital Government Evolution in Vietnam: A Comprehensive Framework,” The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1–16, 2025, doi: 10.37547/tajpslc/Volume07Issue08-01.

[28] S. Quach, P. Thaichon, K. D. Martin, S. Weaven, and R. W. Palmatier, “Digital technologies: tensions in privacy and data,” J. Acad. Mark. Sci., vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1299–1323, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11747-022-00845-y.

[29] S. Lubis, A. Nurmandi, J. Ahmad, E. P. Purnomo, T. Purwaningsih, and H. D. Jovita-Olvez, “Synergizing AI and blockchain: a bibliometric analysis of their potential for transforming e-governance in smart cities,” Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, vol. 7, p. 1553816, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.3389/FRSC.2025.1553816/FULL.

[30] N. Allahrakha, T. Gulsanam Xamdamovna, B. S. Sokhibjonovich, O. Narziev, and P. Temurbek, “LEGALITY: JURNAL ILMIAH HUKUM Privacy and Security Risks in Cross-Border Digital Payment Systems Article,” LJIH, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 553–584, 2025.

[31] A. Ahmed, A. Shahzad, A. Naseem, S. Ali, and I. Ahmad, “Evaluating the effectiveness of data governance frameworks in ensuring security and privacy of healthcare data: A quantitative analysis of ISO standards, GDPR, and HIPAA in blockchain technology,” PLoS One, vol. 20, no. 5 May, May 2025, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324285.

[32] S. M. Obisesan, “Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity Frameworks: Challenges and Opportunities in E-commerce Cybersecurity Management.” 2024.

[33] M. Karimi, “Re-Evaluating the Functionalist Approach of Urban Management towards Sustainable Architecture and Urban Layout with Emphasis on the Role of Digital Technologies,” Journal of Modern Technology, vol. 02, no. 02, pp. 237–345, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.71426/jmt.v2.i2.pp327-345.

[34] S. O. Dare, J. O. Ajayi, and O. K. Chima, “the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) A Control Optimization Model for Strengthening Corporate Governance through Digital Audit Technologies and Workflow Systems,” 2024, doi: 10.32628/IJSRSSH.

[35] Y. K. Dwivedi et al., “‘So what if ChatGPT wrote it?’ Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy,” Int. J. Inf. Manage., vol. 71, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642.

[36] A. Rejeb, K. Rejeb, S. J. Simske, and J. G. Keogh, “Blockchain technology in the smart city: a bibliometric review,” Qual. Quant., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 2875–2906, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11135-021-01251-2.

[37] S. Suranto, H. binti Abdul Manaf, and D. Mutiarin, “MAKING E-GOVERNMENT WORK IN A SMART SOCIETY,” Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 144–163, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.30631/alrisalah.v25i2.1942.

[38] A. Totonchi, Abd Rahman Ahlan, and Hazwani Bt Mohd Mohadis, “E-Government Between Developed and Developing Countries: Key Perspectives from Denmark and Iraq,” Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 77–93, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.21609/jiki.v18i1.1316.

[39] L. F. Jarallah, B. B. Yahya, and M. A. Alsalem, “Examining determinants of blockchain-based smart contract adoption in local government: an empirical study in developing countries,” International Journal of Grid and Utility Computing, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 392–406, 2025, doi: 10.1504/IJGUC.2025.147701.

[40] P. Akbar, A. Nurmandi, B. Irawan, and M. J. Loilatu, “Research Trends in E-Government Interoperability: Mapping Themes and Concepts Based on The Sco-pus Database,” eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 83–108, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.29379/jedem.v14i2.707.

[41] F. Martín Mayoral, “Beyond e-government stages: A multi-dimensional study of digital transformation in Ecuador,” eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 69–102, 2025, doi: 10.29379/jedem.v17i4.1071.

[42] Nurlinah, M. C. Ansar, and K. Chowdhury, “Impact of government digital transformation on citizen trust and participation: evidence from Gowa Regency, Indonesia,” Frontiers in Human Dynamics, vol. 7, 2025, doi: 10.3389/fhumd.2025.1700582.

[43] M. El Khatib, M. Mohammed Ghanem Alblooshi, and M. AlHarmoodi, “Digital Government Digital Trust: Foundations, Determinants, and Implications,” International Journal of Business Analytics and Security (IJBAS), vol. 5, no. 1, p. 2025, doi: 10.54489/ijbas.v5i1.562.

[44] R. M. de Carvalho et al., “Protecting Citizens’ Personal Data and Privacy: Joint Effort from GDPR EU Cluster Research Projects,” SN Comput. Sci., vol. 1, no. 4, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s42979-020-00218-8.

[45] M. Natarajan, A. Bharathi, C. S. Varun, and S. Selvarajan, “Quantum secure patient login credential system using blockchain for electronic health record sharing framework,” Sci. Rep., vol. 15, no. 1, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86658-9.

[46] E. Shava and D. Mhlanga, “Mitigating bureaucratic inefficiencies through blockchain technology in Africa,” 2023, Frontiers Media SA. doi: 10.3389/fbloc.2023.1053555.

[47] Y. Zhu, Y. Peng, L. Xin, and X. Zhang, “Public demand and optimization of smart government service platform from the perspective of service life cycle based on the Kano model: A Chinese case study,” PLoS One, vol. 20, no. 4 April, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0319707.

[48] A. Haidar, “Digital Business Transformation in Advertising: Effects on E-services Revenue,” FinTech and Sustainable Innovation, 2025, doi: 10.47852/bonviewfsi52025810.

[49] B. Jovari, “E-Human resources management model in smart city management (In the light of e-government requirements),” New Applied Studies in Management, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 153–168, 2024, doi: 10.22034/NASMEA.2024.198068.

[50] S. M. K. Alhammadi and M. T. Alshurideh, “Investigating the Determinants effects of Intention on the Use of UAE Government Mobile Apps (GMA) Users : A Quantitative Approach to Examine the Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM),” International Journal of Management and Marketing Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 14–35, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.64251/ijmmi.76.

[51] Md. A. Rauf and Z. H. Shish, “ASSESSMENT OF DATA-DRIVEN VENDOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN RETAIL SUPPLY CHAINS ANALYZING METRICS, SCORECARDS, AND CONTRACT MANAGEMENT TOOLS,” Journal of Sustainable Development and Policy, vol. 01, no. 04, pp. 71–116, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.63125/2a641k35.

[52] Y. I. Alzoubi and A. Mishra, “A comparative analysis of e-government services in ten African countries,” eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 172–200, 2025, doi: 10.29379/jedem.v17i3.1107.

[53] D. Mutiarin, H. Lawelai, A. Sadat, Nastia, A. A. M. Wijaya, and L. M. A. Sa’ban, “Interoperability Governance: An Analysis of the Impact of Digitization of Public Services on Local Government,” Journal of Local Government Issues, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 111–128, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.22219/logos.v7i2.30388.

[54] V. K. Chaudhari, “Public Ration Fraud Detection System Using Blockchain,” International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) An International Open Access, Peer-Reviewed Refereed Journal Impact Factor, vol. 2, no. 2, 2025.

[55] M. Budiarto, A. Asmawati, and M. Kurniawan, “Digital Transformation of Local Government: Design and Development of the Pakuhaji District Community Service Information System Website,” International Journal of Cyber and IT Service Management, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11–18, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.34306/ijcitsm.v4i1.143.

[56] D. H. Mulyanto, “THE QUALITY IN ELECTRONIC SERVICES JOGJA CITY GOVERNMENT: IN CASE E-KTP,” JURNAL ILMU PEMERINTAHAN, vol. 18, 2024, doi: 10.35967/jipn.

[57] S. Yoon, “Digital Innovation in Public Administration through Intelligent Public Sector Automation (IPSA): Strategies and Challenges,” Journal of Multimedia Information System, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 249–260, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.33851/jmis.2024.11.4.249.

[58] “Islam & Ma’aram - 2025 - Adaptive it Investment for Smarter Governance: A Framework for Ai-Based Decision Support Systems in Public Sector,” Breakthroughs Information Technology, vol. 1, pp. 65–80, Jul. 2025.

[59] Y. Almurtadha, “AI Prediction Model to Investigate the GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) Indicators for Assessing Governments’ Readiness for Digital Transformation,” Journal of Applied Data Sciences, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1838–1849, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.47738/jads.v5i4.373.

[60] L. Franceschi De Azevedo and E. Dias Canedo, “A Structured Checklist Approach to Evaluating Transparency and Privacy in Brazilian Digital Services,” 2025. [Online]. Available: www.gov.br/pt-br

[61] S. Hemalatha, K. M. Adavala, P. S. V. V. S. R. Kumar, P. Kumaravel, N. M. Pillai, and G. K. Mohan, “An Architectural Framework for Telemedicine Systems: Components, Roles, and Implementation Challenges,” Telehealth and Medicine Today, vol. 10, no. 3, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.30953/thmt.v10.596.

[62] E. Tan et al., “Artificial intelligence and algorithmic decisions in fraud detection: An interpretive structural model,” Data Policy, vol. 5, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1017/dap.2023.22.

[63] B. S. Lakshmi and K. S. Rekha, “A Hybrid Blockchain–AI Architecture for Secure and Transparent Decentralized Crowdfunding,” Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Technology, vol. 5, pp. 557–562, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.37965/jait.2025.0834.

[64] B. Anthony Jnr, “A developed distributed ledger technology architectural layer framework for decentralized governance implementation in virtual enterprise,” Information Systems and e-Business Management, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 437–470, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10257-023-00634-2.

[65] O. Ali, A. Shrestha, V. Osmanaj, and S. Muhammed, “Cloud computing technology adoption: an evaluation of key factors in local governments,” Information Technology & People, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 666–703, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1108/ITP-03-2019-0119.

[66] H. K. Abdali, M. A. Hussain, Z. A. Abduljabbar, and V. O. Nyangaresi, “Implementing Blockchain for Enhancing Security and Authentication in Iraqi E-Government Services,” Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 18222–18233, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.48084/etasr.8828.

[67] M. Sukarno, M. J. Rodriguez, and N. Nursamsiyah, “E-Government Development on Control Corruption: A Lesson Learned from Singapore,” Journal of Governance and Public Policy, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 271–286, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.18196/jgpp.v11i3.21447.

[68] L. Van der Peet, N. Bharosa, and M. Janssen, “From Trust Antecedents to Trust Frameworks,” Conference on Digital Government Research, vol. 1, May 2025, doi: 10.59490/dgo.2025.1029.

[69] N. Noordiyati and F. Fakhri, “Digital Government Implementation and its Implications for Accounting Systems and Data Security,” Advances in Applied Accounting Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 41–54, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.60079/aaar.v3i1.453.

[70] S. Sharma, A. K. Kar, and M. P. Gupta, “Australasian Journal of Information Systems,” Australasian Journal of Information Systems, vol. 29, pp. 1–28, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.3127/ajis.v29.5175.

[71] O. Fasawe, O. Umoren, and C. O. Makata, “the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) Conceptual Framework for Improving Supply Chain Cycle Times Through Distributed Fulfilment Models,” 2024, doi: 10.32628/IJSRSSH.

[72] J. Clifton, M. Fernández-Gutiérrez, and D. Cagigas, “Beyond the hype—the actual use of blockchain in government,” Policy Design and Practice, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 389–396, 2023, doi: 10.1080/25741292.2023.2272377.

[73] S. Ramos and J. Ellul, “Blockchain for Artificial Intelligence (AI): enhancing compliance with the EU AI Act through distributed ledger technology. A cybersecurity perspective,” International Cybersecurity Law Review, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–20, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1365/s43439-023-00107-9.

[74] S. Orazgaliyeva, Z. Satpayeva, S. Tazhiyeva, and G. Nurseiytova, “E-government as a tool to improve the efficiency of public administration: The case of Kazakhstan,” Problems and Perspectives in Management, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 578–591, 2023, doi: 10.21511/ppm.21(2).2023.53.

[75] A. Info, “E-Government Implementation and Its Impact on Economic Efficiency Munari AMIK Tridharma Palu,” Jurnal Ekonomi, vol. 13, 2024, doi: 10.54209/ekonomi.v13i01.

[76] I. Alhadid et al., “Predictors for E-Government Adoption of SANAD App Services Integrating UTAUT, TPB, TAM, Trust, and Perceived Risk,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022, Vol. 19, Page 8281, vol. 19, no. 14, p. 8281, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.3390/IJERPH19148281.

[77] Ayun Maduwinarti, I.G.N. Andhika Mahendra, Dwi Cahyono, Cristino Gusmao, and Chua Toh Hua, “Enhancing Service Quality and Student Loyalty in Higher Education Using Blockchain Technology,” Blockchain Frontier Technology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 101–111, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.34306/bfront.v5i1.843.

[78] J. M. Simatupang and E. Indrayani, “Blockchain Adoption Readiness: Expert Perspectives on Policy, Implementation, and Governance in Indonesia,” Jurnal Bina Praja, vol. 17, no. 3, 2025, doi: 10.21787/jbp.17.2025-2681.

[79] R. Mnyawi, C. Kombe, A. Sam, and D. Nyambo, “Blockchain-based Data Storage Security Architecture for e-Health Care Systems: A Case of Government of Tanzania Hospital Management Information System,” IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 364, 2022, doi: 10.22937/IJCSNS.2022.22.3.46.

[80] L. Judijanto and Y. Oktari, “DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR ACCOUNTING TRANSPARENCY AND MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTABILITY,” International Journal of Economic Literature (INJOLE), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 253–271, 2025.

[81] Y. Yanhong, “Accelerating the Construction of a Collaborative and Efficient New Government Data Governance System in China,” International Journal of Civil Service Reform and Practice, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 86–93, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.56289/ijcsrp.211.

[82] M. Bak, V. I. Madai, M. C. Fritzsche, M. T. Mayrhofer, and S. McLennan, “You Can’t Have AI Both Ways: Balancing Health Data Privacy and Access Fairly,” Front. Genet., vol. 13, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.929453.

[83] S. C. Li, Y. W. Chen, and Y. Huang, “Examining Compliance with Personal Data Protection Regulations in Interorganizational Data Analysis,” Sustainability 2021, Vol. 13, Page 11459, vol. 13, no. 20, p. 11459, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3390/SU132011459.

[84] Z. N. Zainol, S. F. Mat Yatin, and M. K. J. Abdullah Sani, “Improving the Security and Privacy in Malaysia Academic Digital Libraries,” Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, vol. 15, no. SI2, pp. 132–145, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.24191/JIKM.V15ISI2.7819.

[85] F. Rami, “Exploring Digital Financial Inclusion for Sanctioned Populations: A Compliance-Aware Framework Based on DevPay Türkiye,” Jul. 10, 2025. doi: 10.33774/coe-2025-q1j8q.

[86] R. Hardyansah and P. Saktiawan, “Legal Analysis of Open Banking and Bank Customer Data Privacy Rights in Indonesia,” 2024.

[87] A. Bernier, F. Molnár-Gábor, and B. M. Knoppers, “The international data governance landscape,” J. Law Biosci., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–45, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1093/JLB/LSAC005.

[88] V. Tkachenko, Y. Kotviakovskyi, and S. Zinchenko, “CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN CONCEPTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND THEIR LEGAL FRAMEWORK,” Public Administration and Law Review, no. 1, pp. 99–109, 2025, doi: 10.36690/2674.

[89] O. Kostenko and D. Zhuravlov, “RECONCEPTUALIZING JURISDICTION AND LEGAL IDENTITY IN THE METAVERSE: ELEMENTS OF A DIGITAL CODE ARCHITECTURE,” Metaverse Science, Society and Law, vol. 1, no. 1, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.69635/mssl.2025.1.1.13.

[90] N. N. Munna and N. N. Munna1, “Law and Judicial Review LEGAL CONSTRUCTION OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PRIVACY PROTECTION IN THE DIGITAL AGE: THE DILEMMA BETWEEN CYBER PROTECTION AND INFORMATION ACCESS IN SCHOOLS,” vol. 01, no. 2, pp. 2025–109, 2025, doi: 10.70764/gdpu.

[91] B. Soares, A. Ferreira, and P. Veiga, “THE IMPACT OF eHEALTH AND BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS OF ESTONIA 1 O IMPACTO DA TECNOLOGIA eHEALTH E BLOCKCHAIN NA SAÚDE: UM ESTUDO QUALITATIVO AOS PROFISSIONAIS DE SAÚDE DA ESTÓNIA THE IMPACT OF EHEALTH AND BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS OF ESTONIA,” vol. 33, pp. 3–27, 2025, doi: 10.34632/gestaoedesenvolvimento.2025.17686.

[92] R. Saputro, I. Pappel, H. Vainsalu, S. Lips, and D. Draheim, “Prerequisites for the Adoption of the X - Road Interoperability and Data Exchange Framework: A Comparative Study,” 2020 7th International Conference on eDemocracy and eGovernment, ICEDEG 2020, pp. 216–222, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1109/ICEDEG48599.2020.9096704.

[93] L. P. A. Subarkah, B. Mulyani, and M. A. Idrus, “Implications of Government Policy on Digitalization of Public Services in Realizing Smart Government,” Journal La Sociale, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 842–859, May 2025, doi: 10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v6i3.1702.

[94] M. Hanisch, C. M. Goldsby, N. E. Fabian, and J. Oehmichen, “Digital governance: A conceptual framework and research agenda,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 162, p. 113777, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2023.113777.

[95] P. D. R. Griffiths and P. Baudier, “Enabling Responsible Banking through the Application of Blockchain,” Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 17–49, 2023, doi: 10.3917/jie.pr1.0126.

[96] K. Mezei, “Governing Digital Ecosystems in the EU: A Coordinated Regulatory Approach,” Czasopismo Rejestru domeny .pl, vol. 2025, no. I, pp. 147–160, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.60097/dotpl/215839.

[97] L. Abs et al., “Digital Platform Government in the Promotion of Brazilian Audiovisual Content,” Conference on Digital Government Research, vol. 1, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.59490/dgo.2025.1050.

[98] U. Tanveer, T. G. Hoang, S. Ishaq, and R. U. Khalid, “Public-private partnerships as catalysts for digital transformation and circular economy: Insights from developing countries,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 219, p. 124270, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2025.124270.

[99] A. Aytekin, H. Özköse, F. Akgün, and A. Ayaz, “The Role of Digital Transformation in Local Governments During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Türkiye: Opportunities and Challenges,” Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s13132-025-02651-7.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-24

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 3 (2026): June

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Information Systems and Informatics

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors Declaration

  1. The Authors certify that they have read, understood, and agreed to the Journal of Information Systems and Informatics (JournalISI) submission guidelines, policies, and submission declaration. The submission has been prepared using the provided template.
  2. The Authors certify that all authors have approved the publication of this manuscript and that there is no conflict of interest.
  3. The Authors confirm that the manuscript is their original work, has not received prior publication, is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and has not been previously published.
  4. The Authors confirm that all authors listed on the title page have contributed significantly to the work, have read the manuscript, attest to the validity and legitimacy of the data and its interpretation, and agree to its submission.
  5. The Authors confirm that the manuscript is not copied from or plagiarized from any other published work.
  6. The Authors declare that the manuscript will not be submitted for publication in any other journal or magazine until a decision is made by the journal editors.
  7. If the manuscript is finally accepted for publication, the Authors confirm that they will either proceed with publication immediately or withdraw the manuscript in accordance with the journal’s withdrawal policies.
  8. The Authors agree that, upon publication of the manuscript in this journal, they transfer copyright or assign exclusive rights to the publisher, including commercial rights