A Multi-Theory Framework for Assessing IoT Adoption in Botswana SMEs
Abstract
The rapid surge of technological innovation is reshaping industries, and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are key players in this digital transformation. However, despite their prominence, SMEs often struggle to adopt cutting-edge technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT). While IoT offers the potential to revolutionise SME operations, integrating these interconnected devices presents significant hurdles. Thus, to bridge this research gap, a robust conceptual framework is necessary to understand the factors influencing IoT adoption in SMEs. This study addresses a critical gap by proposing a novel multi-theoretical framework, integrating established technology adoption theories and models like, Diffusion of Innovation (DOI), Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). This framework will assist researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in crafting strategies to improve SMEs IoT adoption in Botswana and other developing economies. Future studies will validate this framework through survey research.
Downloads
References
D. Nookala Venu, A. Kumar, and M. A. S. Rao, “Smart agriculture with internet of things and unmanned aerial vehicles.,” NeuroQuantology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 9904–9914, 2022.
M. Humayun, “Role of emerging IoT big data and cloud computing for real time application,” Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 11, no. 4, 2020.
P. Sethi and S. R. Sarangi, “Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications,” J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 2017, p. 9324035, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/9324035.
A. Ghosh, D. Chakraborty, and A. Law, “Artificial intelligence in Internet of things,” CAAI Trans. Intell. Technol., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 208–218, 2018.
Gartner, “Gartner Says 8.4 Billion Connected ‘Things’ Will Be in Use in 2017, Up 31 Percent From 2016,” Gartner, 2017. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-02-07-gartner-says-8-billion-connected-things-will-be-in-use-in-2017-up-31-percent-from-2016 (accessed Nov. 28, 2023).
A. A. Laghari, K. Wu, R. A. Laghari, M. Ali, and A. A. Khan, “A review and state of art of Internet of Things (IoT),” Arch. Comput. Methods Eng., pp. 1–19, 2021.
J. Manyika et al., “The Internet of Things: Mapping the Value beyond the Hype-Technical Report,” Washington, DC, USA, 2015.
O. A. Abisuga-Oyekunle, S. K. Patra, and M. Muchie, “SMEs in sustainable development: Their role in poverty reduction and employment generation in sub-Saharan Africa,” African J. Sci. Technol. Innov. Dev., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 405–419, 2020.
A. Rejeb, S. Simske, K. Rejeb, H. Treiblmaier, and S. Zailani, “Internet of Things research in supply chain management and logistics: A bibliometric analysis,” Internet of Things, vol. 12, p. 100318, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.IOT.2020.100318.
S. M. Chege and D. Wang, “The influence of technology innovation on SME performance through environmental sustainability practices in Kenya,” Technol. Soc, vol. 60, p. 101210, 2020.
S. D. Parab, A. Deshmukh, and H. Vasudevan, “Understanding the Drivers and Barriers in the Implementation of IoT in SMEs,” pp. 267–279, 2023, doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-7971-2_26.
Y. Mitake, Y. Tsutsui, S. Alfarihi, M. Sholihah, and Y. Shimomura, “A life cycle cost analysis method accelerating IoT implementation in SMEs,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 104, pp. 1424–1429, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.PROCIR.2021.11.240.
P. Pillay, “Barriers to information and communication technology (ICT) adoption and use amongst SMEs: a study of the South African manufacturing sector,” Univ. Witwatersrand, Fac. Commer. Law Manag. Wits, 2016.
G. Wylde, J. Conca, and T. Yamashita, “Accelerating the Impact of Industrial IoT in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: A Protocol for Action,” Geneva, 2020.
A. M. Zahra, W. Dhewanto, and A. A. Utama, “Boosting emerging technology adoption in SMEs: A case study of the fashion industry,” Int. J. Appl. Bus. Res., pp. 169–185, 2021.
S. Mukherjee, M. M. Baral, V. Chittipaka, R. Nagariya, and B. S. Patel, “Achieving organizational performance by integrating industrial Internet of things in the SMEs: a developing country perspective.,” TQM J., 2023.
A. A. Nassani, C. Sinisi, D. Mihai, L. Paunescu, Z. Yousaf, and M. Haffar, “Towards the Achievement of Frugal Innovation: Exploring Major Antecedents among SMEs,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 7, p. 4120, 2022.
S. Jiwangkura, P. Sophatsathit, and A. Chandrachai, “Industrial internet of things implementation strategies with HCI for SME Adoption,” Int. J. Autom. Smart Technol., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 153–168, 2020.
J. Sirma and T. Kihara, “Adoption And Use of Internet of Things (IOT) By Small and Medium Enterprise For Trade In East African Region,” Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manag. Entrep., vol. 7, no. 1, 2023.
S. Nasaruddin and F. Hashim, “A Foresight Study of the Acceptance Level of Internet of Things (Iot) Among SMEs in Shah Alam, Selangor,” Res. Manag. Technol. Bus., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 348–362, 2023.
A. B. Jaafreh, “The effect factors in the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the SME in KSA: An empirical study,” Int. Rev. Manag. Bus. Res., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 135–148, 2018.
H. Shaw, D. A. Ellis, and F. V. Ziegler, “The technology integration model (TIM): Predicting the continued use of technology. Computers in Human Behavior,” Comput. Human Behav., vol. 83, pp. 204–214, 2018, doi: doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.001.
T. Oliveira and M. F. Martins, “Literature review of information technology adoption models at firm level,” Electron. J. Inf. Syst. Eval., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 110–121, 2011.
I. Ajzen, From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. Berlin: Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985.
F. D. Davis, “Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and end user acceptance of information technology,” MIS Q., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 318–339, 1989.
I. Ajzen and M. Fishbein, Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
V. Venkatesh, M. G. Morris, G. B. Davis, and F. D. Davis, “User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view,” MIS Q., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 425–478, 2003.
E. M. Rogers, The Diffusion of Innovations. New York, NY, USA: Free Press, 1995.
L. . Tornatzky and M. Fleischer, “The Process of Technology Innovation". Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990.
R. DePietro, E. Wiarda, and M. Fleischer, “The context for change: Organization,technology and environment,” in Theprocesses of technological innovation, 7th ed., L. G. T. & M. Fleischer, Ed. Lexington, MA: LexingtonBooks, 1990, pp. 151–175.
K. Zhu and K. L. Kraemer, “Post-adoption variations in usage and value of e-business by organizations: cross-country evidence from the retail industry,” Inf. Syst. Res., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 61–84, 2005.
J. Baker, “The technology–organization–environment framework,” Inf. Syst. Theory Explain. Predict. Our Digit. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 231–245, 2012.
J. Y. L. Thong, “An integrated model for information systems adoption in small businesses,” J. Manag. Inf. Syst., pp. 187–214, 1999.
F. Qiao, P. Li, X. Zhang, Z. Ding, J. Cheng, and H. Wang, “Predicting Social Unrest Events with Hidden Markov Models Using GDELT,” Discret. Dyn. Nat. Soc., vol. 2017, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/8180272.
R. Rahayu and J. Day, “Determinant factors of e-commerce adoption by SMEs in developing country: evidence from Indonesia,” Procedia-social Behav. Sci., vol. 195, pp. 142–150, 2015.
E. M. Rogers, Diffusion of innovations, 5th ed. New York: Free Press, 2003.
A. Almobarraz, “Perceived attributes of diffusion of innovation theory as predictors of internet adoption among the faculty members of Imam Mohammed Bin Saud University,” Universiry of North Texas, 2007.
Ü. Çakıroğlu, E. Saylan, İ. Çevik, M. Z. Mollamehmetoğlu, and E. Timuçin, “Faculty adoption of online teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic: A lens of diffusion of innovation theory,” Australas. J. Educ. Technol., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 87–103, 2022.
M. Shahid, “Exploring the determinants of adoption of Unified Payment Interface (UPI) in India: A study based on diffusion of innovation theory,” Digit. Bus., vol. 2, no. 2, p. 100040, 2022.
M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen, Belief, attitude, intension and behaviour. MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975.
K. Mathieson, “Predicting user intentions: comparing the technology acceptance model with the theory of planned behavior,” Inf. Syst. Res., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 173–191, 1991.
U. W. E. Saputra and G. S. Darma, “The intention to use blockchain in Indonesia using extended approach technology acceptance model (TAM),” CommIT (Communication Inf. Technol. J., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 27–35, 2022.
B. C. Wedlock and M. P. Trahan, “Revisiting the Unified Theory of Acceptance and the Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model and Scale: An Empirical Evolution of Educational Technology 4(1), .,” Res. Issues Contemp. Educ., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 6–20, 2019.
H. Khazaei, “Integrating cognitive antecedents to UTAUT model to explain adoption of blockchain technology among Malaysian SMEs,” JOIV Int. J. Informatics Vis., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 85–90, 2020.
W. Puriwat and S. Tripopsakul, “Explaining social Media adoption for a business purpose: An application of the UTAUT model,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 2082, 2021.
C. Martins, T. Oliveira, and A. Popovič, “Understanding the Internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application,” Int. J. Inf. Manage., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2014.
C. M. Chao, “Factors determining the behavioral intention to use mobile learning: An application and extension of the UTAUT model,” Front. Psychol., vol. 10, p. 1652, 2019.
H. Wang and S. Wang, “User acceptance of mobile internet based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: investigating the determinants and gender differences,” Soc. Behav. Pers., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 415–426, 2010, doi: doi:10.2224/sbp.2010.38.3.415.
D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. G. Altman, “PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.,” PLoS Med, 2009, doi: doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
B. Farhan, “Theoretically assessed framework for cyberbullying prediction: a study on undergraduate students from universities in Malaysia using pls-sem and neural network approach,” UTAR, 2023.
Y. Alshamaila, S. Papagiannidis, and F. Li, “Cloud computing adoption by SMEs in the north east of England: A multi-perspective framework,” J. Enterp. Inf. Manag., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 250–275, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1108/17410391311325225.
A. Moeuf, R. Pellerin, S. Lamouri, S. Tamayo-Giraldo, and R. Barbaray, “The industrial management of SMEs in the era of Industry 4.0,” Int. J. Prod. Res, vol. 56, pp. 1118–1136, 2018.
C. Blanchier, E. Down, A. I. Manghi, and J. K. O’Brien, “Burden or Benefit: Do Standards Work for IoT SMEs?,” 2019, [Online]. Available: Available at SSRN 3454591.
S. Madakam, R. Ramaswamy, and S. Tripathi, “Internet of Things (IoT): A Literature Review,” J. Comput. Commun., vol. 03, no. 05, pp. 164–173, 2015, doi: 10.4236/JCC.2015.35021.
W. Jung, D. Kim, and H. et al. Lee, “Appropriate Smart Factory for SMEs: Concept, Application and Perspective,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., vol. 22, pp. 201–215, 2021.
I. Sinha and S. Mukherjee, “Acceptance of technology, related factors in the use of off branch ebanking: An Indian case study,” J. High Technol. Manag. Res., vol. 27, pp. 88–100, 2016, doi: doi:10.1016/j.hitech.2016.04.008.
H. Zhao, P. L. Chen, S. Khan, and O. I. Khalafe, “Research on the optimization of the management process on internet of things (Iot) for electronic market,” Electron. Libr., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 526–538, 2021.
Y. Wungcharoen, “IoT adoption in SME manufacturers in Thailand,” 2022.
O. Okafor, “The Adoption of Online Survey Tools and their Effect on Survey Errors in Media and Communication Studies,” Soc. Sci. Res., vol. 9, no. 2, 2023.
D. T. Parra and C. D. Guerrero, “Decision-making IoT adoption in SMEs from a technological perspective,” in 2020 15th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 2020, pp. 1–6, doi: doi: 10.23919/CISTI49556.2020.9141045.
S. R. Chohan and G. Hu, “Success factors influencing citizens’ adoption of IoT service orchestration for public value creation in smart government,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 208427–208448, 2020.
A. H. S. Kumar, “Analysis of ChatGPT tool to assess the potential of its utility for academic writing in biomedical domain,” BEMS Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 24–30, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.5530/bems.9.1.5.
Y. Zhao, S. Hao, Z. Chen, X. Zhou, L. Zhang, and Z. Guo, “Critical factors influencing the internet of things technology adoption behavior of construction companies: evidence from China,” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag., 2023.
N. Hayat, A. A. Salameh, A. A. Mamun, S. S. Alam, and N. R. Zainol, “Exploring the mass adoption potential of wearable fitness devices in Malaysia,” Digit. Heal., p. 20552076231180730, 2023.
M. Al Moteri and M. Alojail, “Factors influencing the Supply Chain Management in e-Health using UTAUT model,” Electron. Res. Arch., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 2855–2877, 2023.
S. Shah, S. H. Hussain Madni, S. Z. B. M. Hashim, J. Ali, and M. Faheem, “Factors influencing the adoption of industrial internet of things for the manufacturing and production small and medium enterprises in developing countries,” IET Collab. Intell. Manuf., vol. 6, no. 1, p. e12093, 2024.
M. T. Nuseir, A. I. Aljumah, and G. A. El Refae, “Trust in Adoption of Internet of Things: Role of Perceived Ease of Use and Security,” in In 2022 International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), 2022, pp. 1–7.
R. Abd Shukor, W. K. Mooi, and M. N. Ahmad, “Small and medium enterprises’ business sustainability based on the Industry 4.0 internet of things adoption: a Malaysian Bumiputera case study,” Serbian J. Manag., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99–110, 2022.
B. Usman, I. Sentosa, and F. Nurrahmi, “Structural equation modeling of internet of things (IoT) adoption for Indonesian Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes),” Informasi, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 169–194, 2021.
H. M. Sitorus, R. Govindaraju, I. I. Wiratmadja, and I. Sudirman, “Technology adoption: An interaction perspective,” in In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, vol. 114, p. 012080.
H. Ahmad Tarmizi, N. H. Kamarulzaman, A. Abd Rahman, and R. Atan, “Adoption of internet of things among Malaysian halal agro-food SMEs and its challenges,” Food Res., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 256–265, 2020.
T. Hasani, N. O’Reilly, A. Dehghantanha, D. Rezania, and N. Levallet, “Evaluating the adoption of cybersecurity and its influence on organizational performance,” SN Bus. Econ., vol. 3, no. 5, p. 97, 2023.
H. Sun and P. Zhang, “The role of moderating factors in user technology acceptance,” Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud., vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 53–78, 2006.
B. Rahimi, T. Timpka, V. Vimarlund, S. Uppugunduri, and M. Svensson, “Organization-wide adoption of computerized provider order entry systems: A study based on diffusion of innovations theory,” BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., vol. 9, pp. 1–12, 2009, doi: doi:10.1186/1472-6947-9-52.
F. V. Mapande, T. Zuva, and M. Appiah, “Users’ perceptions on security of mobile computing for adoption of e-applications in South Africa,” in Proceedings—2018 International Conference on Advances in Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems, 2018, pp. 1–8, doi: doi:10.1109/ICABCD.2018.8465127.
Gartner, “Business benefits of the Internet of Things: a Gartner trend insight report”,” USA, 2017. [Online]. Available: www.gartner.com/en/doc/3806366-business-benefits-of-the-internet-of-things-a-gartnertrend-%0Ainsight-report.
M. M. Ogonji, G. Okeyo, and J. M. Wafula, “A survey on privacy and security of Internet of Things,” Comput. Sci. Rev., vol. 38, p. 100312, 2020.
D. S. Parker, “The implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT): A case study of the barriers that prevent implementation of IoT within small and medium enterprises (SME),” Northcentral University, 2020.
M. H. Nazron, A. R. Saili, and N. H. Mohammad Azam, “The role of trust in adoption of internet of things among farmers in Selangor, Malaysia,” Food Res., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 134–139, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.myfoodresearch.com/uploads/8/4/8/5/84855864/_18__fr-kliafp11-018_nazron.pdf.
B. J. et al Corbitt, “Trust and E-Commerce: A Study of Consumer Perceptions,” Electron. Commer. Res. Appl., vol. 2, pp. 203–215, 2003.
P. S. Mthembu, L. N. Kunene, and T. P. Mbhele, “Barriers to E-commerce adoption in African countries. A qualitative insight from Company Z,” J. Contemp. Manag., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 265–304, 2018.
Y. C. Wang, T. Y. Li, and C. Lin, “Do top management teams’ expectations and support drive management innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises?,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 142, pp. 88–99, 2022.
X. Dai, J. Peng, and F. Zhiyuan, “Senior executive and staff: What effect do they exert on success of information system?,” 2013.
M. F. A. Zaidi and H. M. Belal, “A PRELIMINARY STUDY TO UNDERSTAND THE SMES’READINESS ON IOT IN MALAYSIA,” Int. J. Accounting, Financ. Bus., vol. 4, no. 19, 2019.
O. B. Olushola, “Factors affecting IoT adoption,” IOSR J. Comput. Eng.(IOSR-JCE), vol. 21, pp. 19–24, 2019.
A. Rey, E. Panetti, R. Maglio, and M. Ferretti, “Determinants in adopting the Internet of Things in the transport and logistics industry,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 131, pp. 584–590, 2021.
M. Carcary, E. Doherty, and G. Conway, “The adoption of cloud computing by Irish SMEs – an exploratory study,” Electron. J. Inf. Syst. Eval., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 3–14, 2014.
N. V. Ngidi, “Determinants of ICT adoption by small and medium enterprises in Pietermaritzburg,” University of Kwazulu Natal, 2019.
D. T. Parra Sánchez, “A framework for IoT adoption in small and medium enterprises,” Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNAB, 2022.
M. A. Nugroho and M. A. Fajar, “Effects of technology readiness towards acceptance of mandatory web-based attendance system,” in Procedia Computer Science, 2017, pp. 319-328.
M. I. Dahnil, K. M. Marzuki, J. Langgat, and N. F. Fabeil, “Factors influencing SMEs adoption of social media marketing,” Procedia-Social Behav. Sci., vol. 148, pp. 119–126, 2014.
G. Lee, “What roles should the government play in fostering the advancement of the Internet of Things?,” Telecomm. Policy, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 434–444, 2019.
S. Doh and B. Kim, “Government support for SME innovations in the regional industries: The case of government financial support program in South Korea,” Res. Policy, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1557–1569, 2014.
J. H. Paik, M. K. Kim, and J. H. Park, “The antecedents and consequences of technology standardizations in Korean IT small and medium-sized enterprises,” Inf. Technol. Manag., vol. 18, pp. 293–304, 2017, doi: doi: 10.1007/s10799-016-0268-2.
B. Ramdani, D. Chevers, and D. A. Williams, “SMEs’ adoption of enterprise applications: A technology organisation-environment model,” J. Small Bus. Enterp. Dev., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 735–753, 2013.
M. Bhattacharya and S. F. Wamba, “A conceptual framework of RFID adoption in retail using TOE framework,” in In Technology adoption and social issues: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications, IGI global, 2018, pp. 69–102.
D. Suhartanto and G. Leo, “Small business entrepreneur resistance of ICT adoption: a lesson from Indonesia,” Int. J. Bus. Glob., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 5–18, 2018.
J. Álvarez Jaramillo and G. L. (2019). 28(4) Zartha Sossa, J. W. Orozco Mendoza, “Barriers to sustainability for small and medium enterprises in the framework of sustainable development—L iterature review.,” Bus. Strateg. Environ., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 512–524, 2019.
J. Ali, S. H. H. Madni, M. S. I. Jahangeer, and M. A. A. Danish, “IoT Adoption Model for E-Learning in Higher Education Institutes: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 12, p. 9748, 2023.
H. Yildirim and A. M. Ali-Eldin, “A model for predicting user intention to use wearable IoT devices at the workplace,” J. King Saud Univ. Inf. Sci., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 497–505, 2019.
A. A. Yass, “An Extended Utaut Model of Factors Affecting Malaysian Undergradutes’ ICT Skills,” University of Malaya, Malaysia, 2018.
V. Venkatesh and S. A. Brown, “A longitudinal investigation of personal computers in homes: Adoption determinants and emerging challenges,” MIS Q., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 71–102, 2001.
K. U. Mairiga, “Investigation of Factors Affecting Users’ability to Accept Internet of Things Services,” NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY, 2022.
V. Venkatesh and F. D. Davis, “A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies,” Manage. Sci., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 186–204, 2000.
H. E. Mandari and Y. L. Chong, “Gender and age differences in rural farmers’ intention to use m-government services,” Electron. Gov., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 217–239, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1504/EG.2018.093406.
N. B. Jones and C. M. Graham, “Can the IoT help small businesses?,” Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc., vol. 38, no. 1–2, pp. 3–12, 2018.
K. B. Coffman, “Evidence on self-stereotyping and the contribution of ideas,” Q. J. Econ., vol. 129, no. 4, pp. 1625–1660, 2014.
S. Al-Shafi and V. Weerakkody, “Factors affecting e-government adoption in the state of Qatar,” 2010.
Download PDF: 243 times
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Information Systems and Informatics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- I certify that I have read, understand and agreed to the Journal of Information Systems and Informatics (Journal-ISI) submission guidelines, policies and submission declaration. Submission already using the provided template.
- I certify that all authors have approved the publication of this and there is no conflict of interest.
- I confirm that the manuscript is the authors' original work and the manuscript has not received prior publication and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere and has not been previously published.
- I confirm that all authors listed on the title page have contributed significantly to the work, have read the manuscript, attest to the validity and legitimacy of the data and its interpretation, and agree to its submission.
- I confirm that the paper now submitted is not copied or plagiarized version of some other published work.
- I declare that I shall not submit the paper for publication in any other Journal or Magazine till the decision is made by journal editors.
- If the paper is finally accepted by the journal for publication, I confirm that I will either publish the paper immediately or withdraw it according to withdrawal policies
- I Agree that the paper published by this journal, I transfer copyright or assign exclusive rights to the publisher (including commercial rights)